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While studying at Qarawiyyin University in Fez (1820s), Abdel Kader was part of the same North African reformist current as **Muhammad ibn Ali al-Senussi** (1787–1859), who was also studying at Qarawi

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While studying at Qarawiyyin University in Fez (1820s), Senussi was part of the same North African reformist current as **Abdel Kader al-Jazairi** (1808–1883), who was also studying at Qarawiyyin at t

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1. **Cárdenas** (Spain, 1593-1609) — The name they brought from Valencia

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Shakib Arslan was a leading pan-Islamic thinker, writer, and politician who served as a bridge between the Ottoman era and the post-Ottoman nation-state period. A close advisor to Abdul Hamid II, depu

He arrived in the same spring that French cavalry was crossing the Algerian border. His birth and the death of Ottoman Tunisia were simultaneous.

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